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The function of estrogen is to what?

The function of estrogen is to what?

growth hormone

FUNCTION (so many...) :
= promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics
= decelerate height growth[9]
= accelerate metabolism (burn fat)
= reduce muscle mass
= stimulate endometrial growth
= increase uterine growth
= increase vaginal lubrication
= thicken the vaginal wall
= maintenance of vessel and skin
= reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation
= morphic change
= increase hepatic production of binding proteins
= increase circulating level of factors 2, 7, 9, 10,
= decrease antithrombin III
= increase platelet adhesiveness
= increase HDL, triglyceride
= decrease LDL, fat deposition
= salt (sodium) and water retention (Fluid balance)
= increase cortisol, SHBG (Hormones)
= reduce bowel motility (Gastrointestinal tract)
= increase cholesterol in bile (Gastrointestinal tract)
= increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin
= support hormone-sensitive breast cancers
= promotes lung function by supporting alveoli (in rodents but probably in humans).

Estrogen

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The pregnant woman at term produces more estrogen in one day, than a nonpregnant woman produces in 3 years! Estrogen is responsible for enormous changes during pregnancy.

The most common estrogens in the human are:

estradiol (mostly secreted by the ovaries),
estrone and
estriol (mostly secreted by the placenta). During pregnancy, there is a large increase in the amount of estriol in relationship to estrone and estradiol.
The fetal adrenal glands and the placenta interact in order to produce estrogen in appropriate amounts.

The adrenal glands of the fetus provide essential precursors for the production of estriol in the placenta, therefore a living, healthy fetus and placenta are needed to produce ideal estrogen levels. This is an example of the "placenta/fetal unit" at work.
The maternal liver conjugates the estriol, and it is excreted in her urine.
The level of urinary estriol increases gradually until the12th week of pregnancy, and then increases more rapidly until term. Measurement of estriols in the maternal urine has historically been used as an indicator of fetal and placental well being.
Estrogen has so many functions during pregnancy. The following is only a partial list, but it should cover the most relevant. To organize these functions, they are separated here between those that "build tissue," and those that "change tissue" in some other way.

Estrogen has a major role during pregnancy of building tissue. It accomplishes this by either increasing the size or the number of tissues, vessels, and blood cells.

It is responsible for the proliferation of the uterine endometrium. This increase in the depth and consistency of the uterine lining prepares it for implantation.
Estrogen is a major factor in the increased size of the uterus and thickening of the uterine wall. During the pregnancy, the uterus increases in size to accommodate the developing pregnancy. It does this through hyperplasia (increase in the number of cells), hypertrophy (increase in the size of cells) of muscle cells, and stretching of the uterus.
The uterus grows from 60 grams in weight to 1200 grams (20 times it's nonpregnant weight), with a volume increasing from 10 cc to 2-10 liters of fluid.
In addition there is an increase in the size of the external genitalia. The vaginal walls are thick and easily distensible. The genitalia is also very vascular.
Estrogen is responsible for an increased blood, lymphatics and nerve supply to the uterus, and throughout the body. The considerable increase in the number and size of vessels in the uterine vascular bed causes a decrease in the uterine vascular resistance. As a result, blood flows to and from the uterus more freely.
Uterine blood flow increases from 50cc per minute at 10 weeks to 500cc per minute at term.
Uterine veins may dilate up to 60 times larger than prepregnant states, in order to produce adequate drainage for the large uteroplacental blood flow.
Estrogen also contributes to the increase in breast size, especially the alveolar ductile tissue. The numbers and size of ducts and lobes increase, vascularity increases, and the nipples and areolae become larger. Montgomery's glands appear as small elevations in areolae. Increase ductal growth is estrogen's responsibility, while increased lobular development is attributed to progesterone

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