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Role of cyclophosphamide in lupus? |
Role of cyclophosphamide in lupus? Cyclophoshamide is an immunosuppressant. Lupus is a disease in which a person's immune system attacks their own body. So I guess the drug is supposed to lower the patients immune system enough for this to stop happening thus reduceing the symptoms Lupus patients suffer.. See garynull.com or pathmed.com. They have expert experience with Lupus. Do you have Lupus? Is Lupus quite well known in Canada. In England, not a lot is known about the disease Immune system From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The immune system is the system of specialized cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. (Though in a broad sense, almost every organ has a protective function 鈥?for example, the tight seal of the skin or the acidic environment of the stomach.) When the immune system is functioning properly, it protects the body against bacteria and viral infections, destroying cancer cells and foreign substances. If the immune system weakens, its ability to defend the body also weakens, allowing pathogens, including viruses that cause common colds and flu, to grow and flourish in the body. The immune system also performs surveillance of tumor cells, and immune suppression has been reported to increase the risk of certain types of cancer. The immune system is often divided into four sections: Natural passive immunity: Hereditary immunity, acquired from the mother, and lasting the first six months of a child's life Acquired passive immunity: Non-permanent immunity gained from vaccines, such as Rabies or Tetanus Natural active immunity: Having suffered a disease and its symptoms, one has natural active immunity, also known as a secondary response, where B-Cells fire off antibodies to combat a recognised antigen. Acquired active immunity: Permanent immunity as a result of vaccine. The immune systemContents [hide] 1 Disorders of the human immune system 2 Other factors that affect immune response 3 Pharmacology 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 External links [edit] Disorders of the human immune system The most important function of the human immune system occurs at the cellular level of the blood and tissues. The lymphatic and blood circulation systems are paths for specialized white blood cells to travel around the body. White blood cells include B cells, T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Each has a different responsibility, but all function together with the primary objective of recognizing, attacking and destroying bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and all other pathogens. Without this coordinated effort, a person would not be able to survive more than a few days before succumbing to an overwhelming infection. When a pathogen has entered the body, it sets off a chain reaction that starts with the activation of macrophages and natural killer cells that reach the site of infection and destroy as much of the pathogen as possible. While this is happening, it is the job of the dendritic cells to take 鈥渟nap-shots鈥?of the battle-ground to take to the lymph nodes in order to activate T cells which then activate B cells to produce antibodies against the pathogen. Many disorders of the human immune system fall into two broad categories that are characterized by: Weakened immune response: There are 'congenital' (inborn) and 'acquired' forms of immunodeficiency, characterized by an attenuated response. Chronic granulomatous disease, in which phagocytes have trouble destroying pathogens, is an example of the former, while AIDS ("Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome"), an infectious disease caused by the HIV virus that destroys CD4+ T cells, is an example of the latter. Immunosuppressive medication intentionally induces an immunodeficiency in order to prevent rejection of transplanted organs. Overzealous immune response: On the other end of the scale, an overactive immune system figures in a number of other disorders, particularly autoimmune disorders such as lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes (sometimes called "juvenile onset diabetes"), multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. In these, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks a part of the patient's own body. Other examples of overzealous immune responses in disease include hypersensitivities, such as allergies and asthma. [edit] Other factors that affect immune response This section is a stub. You can help by adding to it. Many factors can also contribute to the general weakening of the immune system: Malnutrition (unbalanced diet / poor eating habits that cause a lack of vitamins, minerals and Polyphenol antioxidants) Alcohol abuse Drug abuse either intravenous or other. (Appears related to associated factors i.e. poor diet, use of infected/dirty needles, poor exercise, stress/depression) Medications (particularly the use of anti-cancer drugs, corticosteroids, and antibiotics); Radiation Exposure to certain environmental toxins, whether naturally occurring or from pollution. These include: Cigarette smoke Stress/Depression - Research shows that psychological stress can greatly increase your susceptibility to colds and other viral diseases, namely through an increase in serum corticosteroid levels Age - Ability of the immune system to respond is decreased at early and old age. Decrease ability to heal due to disease or medications (i.e. Diabetes, corticosteroids, immune suppressant drugs), causing constant exposure to infectious agents without natural defense (intact skin) Inadequate sleep at the Delta brain wave level. According to a sleep study, we need 4 hours of Delta sleep every night Lack of exercise as well as excessive exercise resulting in physiological stress Long-term weightlessness Diseases either infectious or other causing more depression on the immune system like: Cancer, and hematological malignancy (such as leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma) in particular. Diabetes Mellitus Cystic fibrosis Lupus Erythematosus Nephrotic syndrome Viral infections i.e. viral respiratory infections then allowing for bacterial pneumonia to develop. HIV Ulcerative colitis Bulimia (due to malnutrition, stress, depression). Sickle-cell disease. Liver disease / cirrhosis Cushing's syndrome Protects Huntington's Chorea [edit] Pharmacology Despite high hopes, there are no medications that directly increase the activity of the immune system. Various forms of medication that activate the immune system may cause autoimmune disorders. Adjuvants (often Aluminium Hydroxide) can be used in conjuction with a vaccine to provoke a quicker immunological reaction. Suppression of the immune system is often used to control autoimmune disorders or inflammation when this causes excessive tissue damage, and to prevent transplant rejection after an organ transplant. Commonly used immunosuppressants include glucocorticoids, azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclosporin, cyclophosphamide and mercaptopurine. In organ transplants, cyclosporin, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and various others are used to prevent organ rejection through selective T cell inhibition. [edit] See also antigen/antigenic determinant/epitope/hapten/mem... cell autoimmune disorders CD4 receptor/CD8 receptor/perforin/apoptosis/cl... selection Immunostimulator immunosuppression immunosuppressive drug immunotherapy lymphatic system/lymphocyte macrophage major histocompatibility complex/class I MHC/class II MHC monoclonal antibody/polyclonal antibody http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/immune_syst... |
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